Communication

Nowadays, people are being absorved by the possibilities of interpersonal communication based on non-personal contact. There is plenty of new social networks and technological dispositives that provide the possibility of making personal relationship a little bit less personal. Just to name some of them, we count with Messengers (from Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail), Skype, Facebook, Twitter and, of course, the new sensation: Blackberries. So, is there maybe occuring a lost of face-to-face relationships and interactions?

Well, although many of the new technologies available for conecting people around the world arise as a solution to the limits imposed by distance, certainly there is occuring a lost in the sensibility and skills that only a personal, face-to-face contact can develop in people. However, I'd think we're far away from abandoning personal contact with other people. I mean, we'll always need someone to hang around or to party!

But, yes. It is clear that the distance these technologies were trying to reduce, now has taken another form and its manifestations may be seen in some kind of social withdrawal or alienation. Then, how could we solve that and make people again meet each other and feel the necessity of having contact with others? That's a hard question to answer, because of the new trends that among young people are provoking a change in human behaviors.

If we take into account that a big deal of responsibility can be charged to the media and to the telecommunications industry, I would dare to think that it is through these same means that solution may arise. If media, as in the way they generated part of these new behaviors, comes out with the creation of the necessity for people to resume face-to-face contact, then maybe again they will mold people's behavior and once again a coffee break will be a good plan to spend some time in the afternoon.

Images' Sources:

• Blackberry, Social Networks. Retrieved on 15th May, 2011, from: http://www.blackberrycool.com/2009/02/19/top-5-blackberry-social-networks/
• Lasers in green dance club party. Retrieved on 15th May, 2011, from: http://www.monsterloop.com/blog/?p=295
• Juan Valdez Coffe Shop. Retrieved on 15th May, 2011, from: http://astrologialordjim.com/hikin/sys/www/jaun%20valdez%20cafe-9555.html

Migration Issues

Migration is not a new phenomena. Since the beginning of the humankind, migration has been present. Remember the nomads or Moses? It is as if it came in the package of being human or as if someone told you: hey, you're human, so you can move to other places! But it happens also with animals! Have you ever heard about Serengeti? But it isn't our topic now, so let's get serious. Migration has become a problem for both developed and developing countries. On the one hand, developed countries are receiving huge quantities of people from other countries, who look for better coditions of living, higher incomes or, simply, a job; but their inhabitants also need jobs. Developing countries, on the other hand, are losing valuable human capital or human resources, or whatever you want to call it. While developing countries are in need of qualified people able of bringing development to their economies and societies, these persons are in need of better payments and more adequate conditions for their skills.

Now, remember I talked at the beginning about Serengeti? There occurs one of the biggest migrations in the animal kingdom. Well, it's not too crazy to say that the motivation of those animals to migrate is exactly the same as in many cases for humans: they're looking for food and better conditions of living. Although migration because of violence or climate disasters occurs in the world, I'm going to be focused on migration related with qualified persons looking for higher incomes in other countries.

For the question about how brain drain can be stopped and changed into something benefical for developing countries, the answer is: nothing! But why nothing? Well, if we take into account that not even developed countries have been able to fully stop their brain drain, could developing countries do so? Just think about it. But another totally different question would be if it can be diminished. That's another thing. And yes, it can. But how? Simple: give those qualified persons the conditions of living they're looking for, but in their own country!

Let's think on something. Everything else equal, would you study and prepare yourself, and invest money in upgrading your knowledge and discovering new one (because knowledge costs and it is expensive!), just to stay in your developing country and recover your investment in something like 40 or 50 years? Come on! It is even rude to suggest that! Unless, of course, you'd be too philanthropic. So the solution is simple: developing countries have to make a whole labor reform, through which most skilled persons receive payments at developed countries standards, with the condition they contribute to the development of the country by working in the public or private sector, but adding value to the organizations with their capacities. Scientist must be granted with good laboratories and resources for investigation; governments shall collaborate with universities; corporations shall stop exploting their employees in such a nasty way as it happens in developing countries.

Many things can be done! But change costs! It is up to the governments and the private sector if they're willing to invest money, in order to improve. And what if the public budget is not enough? Well assign priorities: you, governments and corporations, want to create a rocking country or a country of pale rocks?



Images' Sources:

• Serengeti Migration Tanzania. Encompass Africa. Retrieved on 14th May, 2011, from: http://www.encompassafrica.com.au/article.asp?aid=31
• Biz/Ed. Retrieved on 14th May, 2011, from: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/degussa/degussaindex.htm?page=show
• Public Finance. Savings Investors. Retrieved on 14th May, 2011, from: http://www.savingsinvestors.com/category/public-finance

Organizational Learning

As defined by Senge (1994), learning communities are "places where people continually expand their capacities to create the results they truly desire"[1]. Then, a relationship here between organizational learning and individual satisfaction is given. But how so? As I'm not giving a theoretical explanation, let's think about it!

As we already know, organizations are systems where parts interact between each other to accomplish a desired outcome or a proposed goal for the benefit of that system. So, if the system is composed by parts, then the most logical process would include those parts to behave "properly". But what happens when an organization establishes limits on how those parts should strictly behave, what they should do or what shouldn't? Well, probably those parts are only going to act inside those boundaries and will not be creative or proactive, because that's not what they're telling them to do. So, if those parts include people, include YOU, would you, for example, feel like you're exploting your whole potential, when you only do what you're told? I don't know, but, at least to me, that sounds FRUSTATING!

When people expand their capacities, when people fulfill their dreams, when people try to make things better, because that's what their conscience or their hearts tell them to do, there you have something. And even more, if your organization encourages that and takes advantage of it, that organization is certainly going to learn from the huge capacities people can have (if able to see them) and, of course, it will make a profit from it!

 

Let's take an example: Google. The other day, I was watching a documentary on how Google works as a corporation. Did you know Google determined that all its employees have 20% of their paid time free to think on what they could develop or create, as a business idea of their own? And even more shocking! Google gives its employes a percentage of participation in the net profit that unit makes (the unit which you spent 20% of your paid time thinking of creating)! And that's just one the company's policies. Well, it's not too strange that Google has been several times listed as one of the Fortune's Magazine 100 Best Companies to Work For. This year: Google is 4th in the list! [2] And yes, this is indeed a "never stop" Learning Organization.

References:

[1]Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: the Art And Practice of the Learning Organization. Currency Publisher, 1990.

[2] Fortune Magazine (2011). Retrieved on 14th May, 2011, from: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/snapshots/4.html

Multimedia's Sources:

Youtube. Retrieved on 14th May, 2011, from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOZhbOhEunY

Image's Source:

Boss Yelling at Employee. Retrieved on 24th May, 2011, from: http://www.educationtimes.com/educationTimes/CMSD/Walk-A-Job/27/200907232009072317435178167fe96fe/You-are-punished.html

Corporate Ethical Behavior

1. What is the statement “all capitalism is crony capitalism” referring to? Do you agree with this statement or not? Give an example.

Crony is a slang word for describing a close friend or companion, often used as a derogative term [1]. With this definition in mind and in the context of the article The republic on a banana peel [2], the statement “all capitalism is crony capitalism” refers to the tendency in capitalist performance of companies of establishing close “friendship” relations with governmental or public representatives, in order to achieve certain benefits derived of close cooperation with the public sector. Now, to agree or not with this statement, it is important to remark that generalizations are dangerous and can lead to confusion or misunderstandings not based in objective perspectives. According to this, I would have to express my disagreement with this statement, well although “crony relationships” in capitalism are a common and very used approach for achieving certain goals, capitalism itself has been proved to regulate that kind of behaviors. For example, during the construction of the metro in the city of Medellin, several scandals of “crony” relationships with bidders were exposed by public representatives, who were target of financial offerings made by corporations in order to result elected in the bidding process. Nevertheless, the ethical and moral values of those public representatives prevailed over economic ones.

2. What is a Banana Republic? Why the author is comparing India with a Banana Republic?

A Banana Republic refers to the typical approach in social and political facts prevalent in those countries in which banana production was one main economic activity during the mid 1800s and the first half of the XX century. In this denominated banana republics, social injustice, labor exploitation, corporate abuse and absence of governmental presence were the constant characteristics.

In the article, the author appeals to this term, in order to express its perspective of corrupt behaviors performed by public authorities in conjunction with corporate firms, which aimed to achieve certain selfish and economic benefits by means of manipulation of the legal and political systems.

3. Why is it problematic that that in the business world “The Media” becomes a corporation?

In this matter, it is important to remember the power owned by the media in the expression and transmission of public opinion. When the media gets involved in business world, then it will not account only with its mission of serving as the expresser of public opinion, but instead will distort it into mixed interests, economic interests, derived of its involvement in the business world. Therefore, it will no more transmit and show what the public opinion manifests, in an objective basis (which is doubtfully achieved, even if media is not involved in business world, but that’s another discussion), but will then show or transmit opinion in a selective basis, where selection is determined by convenience for the businesses in which media is involved. The problematic in this matter becomes visible when the mission that media ought to perform is considered a social need of people and this need can only be satisfied through the media. Then, if media does not speak on behalf of the people, who will?

4. In this situation, what behaviors are considered unethical for corporations, journalists and the state?

In the context of the article, unethical behaviors are explicitly signaled as, for example, the owning of media by important politicians, relationships between corporate world with media firms and public representatives (aiming, obviously, to satisfy all their interests), no verification of the information provided by different sources, but just publishing as it comes, and so on. Nevertheless, what is important to remark on these behaviors is not which they are, but why they result unethical and a common factor between all these behaviors is the mix of public interest with private interest. That’s the unethical behavior expanded in all this punctual unethical behaviors. The distortion of public institutions as representatives of public interests clashes with the distortion, when becoming another multi-units corporation, of media’s mission of communicating those public interests in the way of public opinion, and that certainly with so many distortions acquires an unethical category in the scale of behaviors.

5. What can the Media, Corporations and the States do in order to behave ethically and in the benefit of the people and not their own interest. Give at least five good ideas.

• Remain consistent with the purpose for which they are created and with the mission they have stipulated.
• Remain accountable to civil society with clear rules of playing.
• Institutionalize monitoring of ethical behavior inside the administrative process of each organization, in order to exercise self control when performing its activities.
• The educational system must teach and get deeper into not only ethics, but also into the importance of an accordingly behavior, as well as the determinant level that denouncing and reproaching unethical behaviors have.
• Make positive the punishments that could be exercised when affording unethical behaviors through their inception in legal sets of rules and norms to be accomplished and the consequent actions to be executed against those who violate them.

[1] The oxford Dictionaries, 2011. Definition of Crony. Retrieved on March, 2011, from: http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1237176#m_en_us1237176

[2] Sainath, P, 2010. The Republic on a Banana Peel. The Hindu (2010).

The Corporation

1. How can we ensure corporations are held accountable for their actions "ethically" and "legally"?

Through strict regulations from governments at the municipal, local, regional and national levels, accountability of corporations can have a formal framework able to exert vigilance, regulation of activities and punishment to unappropriate conducts that may stress ethical or legal standards. Nevertheless, a worldwide stipulation of those standards is required, in order to effectively exercise that kind of control. Moreover, taking into account that corporations are mainly motivated by financial incentives, any of these measures could possible work if there is not a civil society manifestation of rejection against non-ehtical and/or non-legal conducts, which can be translated in terms of  loss of market share and diminished revenues. Accountability demanded in those combined terms is the best way of pressure against corporations that want to play a no-rules game.

2. Should individuals (directors, employees, shareholders) bear any responsibility for the actions of a corporation? If so, to what degree?

On my opinion, people is more concerned with acting unproperly when a clear punishment or legal consequence is explicit of being applied when those conducts take place. Taking this into account, every single individual inside a corporation should bear responsibilities for the actions of the corporation they represent, specifically because of the fact that they do represent it for the outside world. This may sound a bit extreme, but taking into account that the ones who perform conducts of a corporation are persons, not robots or an invisible hand, and it's on the power of persons to decide whether to perform a determined task or not, having always the option of public exposure as a mean of protection. Then, in what degree should they bear responsibility? At the penal, financial, administrative and contentious levels. That is at every single legal degree to which a person can be subject.

3. What are the benefits of the corporate form? Could an alternative model offer these as well?

When talking about benefits of the corporate form, it may be said they're relative, although a visible benefit is always present: distortion of the personal responsibility for actions performed on behalf of the organization. This phenomenon can be accurately pointed due to the same consideration of the corporate firm as a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally person) and recognized as such in law [1]. This characteristic gives the corporation special benefits on distortion of personal responsibility, due to the fact that a legally person cannot be subject of penal punishments, for example. Just in certain cases, most of them related with financial fraud, a single person or a group of individuals from a corporation can be subject to it. If another alternative model can offer this benefit as well, it may be in the form of a political entity, in which punishable crimes performed by that political unit have as a consequence a legal one towards the political unit, not against that who performed it (notice I’m not talking here about administrative illegal conducts or about criminal conducts like homicide).

4. Search for a foreign multinational corporation that has operations in Colombia. Research if they are run under Colombian rules or regulations or if they have special regulations.

Siemens is a multinational corporation that develops certain activities in Colombian territory under the same rules as any national corporation, due to the principle of national treatment established in the international treaties in the framework of the World Trade Organization. Nevertheless, special treatment in taxes is normally given in Colombia to foreign investment, which makes it subject to a different taxation regime than regular Colombian companies. Another regulation applied exclusively in this kind of corporations that make direct investment in Colombian territory is labor regulations, which, as in this case, can be a restrictive one, in order for this company to perform activities in the country. Such regulation stipulates a minimum amount (percentage) of Colombian labor force working for that company compared with the total number of individuals employed by the firm. Such special regulations act as a stimulus for investment in the country and creation of employment, stimulus that benefit both parties’ interests, corporate and state ones.

5. Should economic efficiency (main argument for privatization) be the primary concern for common and public services? Are there other criteria to determine who should own or operate them?

As economic efficiency is one of the most important variables to be taken into account when determining the viability of a business, neoliberal economic logic would point to have it as a primary determinant in privatization decisions. Nevertheless, in common and public services, that logic may be not always applicable. This thesis is sustained on the basis that more than economic profitability or viability, the state primary mission is to guarantee and safeguard the security of its associate members. In that direction, common and public services such as education, health, personal security, water supply and basic salubriousness conditions are to be granted by the state. Of course, it cannot be ignored that economic efficiency is to be aimed in the provision of those services, but even if not completely present, it cannot be an argument for privatization measures based mainly on that assumption.

[1] Oxford Dictionaries, 2011. Definition of Corporation. Retrieved on Marce, 2011, from: http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1236185#m_en_us1236185

Bibliographical Sources:

• The Corporation, 2003. Based on the book The Corporation: the Pathological Pursuit of  Profit and Power, Bakan, J.

Image Source:
Wuerker, M., 2007. Retrieved on March, 2011, from: http://aroots.wordpress.com/

Organizational Leaders and Cross-Cultural Environments

Cross-cultural environments may be explained as those contexts in which individuals from different cultural backgrounds get together and must interact with each other. This scenarios may be present in classrooms, forums, museums and, of course, international organizations. In the latter, it is the mission of organizational leaders to create synergies and adequate interactive frameworks, in order to accomplish a successful result in the performance of the organization towards its goalds and purposes.

The behavior of organizational leaders in this context should be characterised by a cross-cultural managerial approach, which means understanding the differences between his or her own culture and the ones' of those who constitute his/her colleagues, subordinates or superiors. However, this process of understanding shall basically start by being conscious about the fact that those differences exist and that may be exploited or become an obstacle in the performance of the organization's activities. Organizational leaders facing this kind of situations should then try to find those advantages present in different cultures and use them on behalf of the common goals and purposes shared by individuals in the organization, so that the results may be as satisfactory as the desirable ones, or even more, generating value to the organization and making of this advantages, competitive ones.

It is important to remark, however, one conduct an organizational leader in a cross-cultural environment must never perform. This conduct is trying to change or attack other people's culture or set of beliefs and values that underlie their behavior. That mistake may significate the loss of valuable human capital and the failure of the mission which is appointed to fulfill, due to the judgement of very sensitive abstract components of human nature that are not ever available for judging.

Acknowledging that differences exist, that they can be exploited and that those differences may become competitive advantages of an organization able to lead it to a greater success ought to be the main characteristics present in the behavioral approach used by an organizational leader in cross-cultural environments.

Personalities

During the period while I was making my internship, the word "personality" adopted a special meaning on the daily development of my duties. A huge barrier between my female boss and me arouse, and conflict didn't take too long to appear. Was it that my performance was not being successful enough? Was it that my boss was the "bitter" component of the office as everybody used to say? Or was it maybe that personalities entered into conflict due to the ignorance of the fact that they were too different?

According to the American Psychological Association (2011), personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving [1]. Having this in mind, asking ourselves why is it important for managers and employees to be able to understand different types of personalities has a very simple answer: for not having an unbearable period together and to accomplish common goals!

Staying attached to my experience during my internship period, my boss could just not understand that the way I distributed my time was more than efficient for accomplishing the tasks I was appointed and that I just could not distribute it as she would, due to the simple fact that it was not my style to do so. However, I didn't understand either that she was absolutelly rigid in terms of time and exploitation methods of it, as well as should have also understood that she was a person accustomed to be obeyed just the way she said things and with no interest on having other opinions regarding that way. Not undestanding each other's styles made in fact a real chaos inside that office and 'unbearable' was a cute word to describe the feeling we had for each other. Nevertheless, studying international business had to work for something (I mean, I had paid very expensive semesters for not being that way) and fortunately, and with a little help of someone with whom I worked, she learnt to respect my time distribution way and I learnt to obey her orders, suggesting nicely my opinions from an approach she liked. We learnt to tolerate each other's personality and to work together as a team on behalf of the country's interests (we worked in the Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

So, maybe as a short illustrative personal case study, this experience may serve in answering the posed question. Why is it then important? Because of the huge difficulty that we humans have to accept that others are different than us and to bear those differences, and in order to overcome difficulties arising from that condition, the understanding of and respect towards differences is the only way to smoothly achieve common goals and performance of tasks.

1. American Psychological Association, APA, 2011. Personality. http://www.apa.org/topics/personality/index.aspx. Accessed 7 March, 2011.

Image source:
Doug Savag, 2007.
Retreived on March, 2011, from:
http://www.savagechickens.com/2007/06/religious-differences.html